##############################################################################
##
## Format-Hex
##
## From Windows PowerShell Cookbook (O'Reilly)
## by Lee Holmes (http://www.leeholmes.com/guide)
##
##############################################################################
<#

.SYNOPSIS
Outputs a file or pipelined input as a hexadecimal display. To determine the
offset of a character in the input, add the number at the far-left of the row
with the the number at the top of the column for that character.
 
.EXAMPLE
PS >"Hello World" | Format-Hex

            0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
 
00000000 48 00 65 00 6C 00 6C 00 6F 00 20 00 57 00 6F 00 H.e.l.l.o. .W.o.
00000010 72 00 6C 00 64 00 r.l.d.
 
.EXAMPLE
PS >Format-Hex c:\temp\example.bmp
  
#>

[CmdletBinding(DefaultParameterSetName = "ByPath")]
param(
    ## The file to read the content from
    [Parameter(ParameterSetName = "ByPath", Position = 0)]
    [string] $Path,
   
    ## The input (bytes or strings) to format as hexadecimal
    [Parameter(
        ParameterSetName = "ByInput", Position = 0,
        ValueFromPipeline = $true)]
    [Object] $InputObject
)

begin 
{
    ## Create the array to hold the content. If the user specified the
    ## -Path parameter, read the bytes from the path.
    [byte[]] $inputBytes = $null
    if($Path) { $inputBytes = [IO.File]::ReadAllBytes( (Resolve-Path $Path) ) }
   
    ## Store our header, and formatting information
    $counter = 0
    $header = " 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F"
    $nextLine = "{0} " -f  [Convert]::ToString(
        $counter, 16).ToUpper().PadLeft(8, '0')
    $asciiEnd = ""

    ## Output the header
    "`r`n$header`r`n"
}

process
{
    ## If they specified the -InputObject parameter, retrieve the bytes
    ## from that input
    if($InputObject)
    {
        ## If it's an actual byte, add it to the inputBytes array.
        if($InputObject -is [Byte])
        {
            $inputBytes = $InputObject
        }
        else
        {
            ## Otherwise, convert it to a string and extract the bytes
            ## from that.
            $inputString = [string] $InputObject
            $inputBytes = [Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetBytes($inputString)
        }
    }
   
    ## Now go through the input bytes
    foreach($byte in $inputBytes)
    {
        ## Display each byte, in 2-digit hexidecimal, and add that to the
        ## left-hand side.
        $nextLine += "{0:X2} " -f $byte

        ## If the character is printable, add its ascii representation to
        ## the right-hand side. Otherwise, add a dot to the right hand side.
        if(($byte -ge 0x20) -and ($byte -le 0xFE))
        {
           $asciiEnd += [char] $byte
        }
        else
        {
           $asciiEnd += "."
        }

        $counter++;

        ## If we've hit the end of a line, combine the right half with the
        ## left half, and start a new line.
        if(($counter % 16) -eq 0)
        {
           
            "$nextLine $asciiEnd"
            $nextLine = "{0} " -f [Convert]::ToString(
                $counter, 16).ToUpper().PadLeft(8, '0')
            $asciiEnd = "";
        }
    }
}

end
{
    ## At the end of the file, we might not have had the chance to output
    ## the end of the line yet. Only do this if we didn't exit on the 16-byte
    ## boundary, though.
    if(($counter % 16) -ne 0)
    {
       while(($counter % 16) -ne 0)
       {
          $nextLine += " "
          $asciiEnd += " "
          $counter++;
       }
       "$nextLine $asciiEnd"
    }

    ""
}